Editing Water report
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'''Ward Labs''' provides a [https://www.wardlab.com/brewers-water-test-kit/ Brewer’s Test "kit"] that includes a return label and prepaid postage, sample information sheet, clean bottle for sample, and packaging material. Once the lab receives your water sample, you get a report with the values for sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, iron, sulfate, nitrate, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, pH, total hardness, total alkalinity, and total phosphorus.<ref>[https://www.wardlab.com/brewers-water-test-kit/ Brewer’s / water test kit.] Ward Laboratories website. Accessed online May 2024.</ref> | |||
We are most interested in calcium, magnesium, alkalinity, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. | |||
MCL stands for "Maximum Contaminant Level", and they are just provided as a reference to safety standards. For our purposes we can ignore these values unless of course the tested value is above the MCL, in which case the water is not even safe to drink. | MCL stands for "Maximum Contaminant Level", and they are just provided as a reference to safety standards. For our purposes we can ignore these values unless of course the tested value is above the MCL, in which case the water is not even safe to drink. | ||
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Silicate can be extracted from malt by sparging at a high pH.30 It is associated with Ca2+ and Mg2+ and may cause haze in the beer and scaling of vessels and mains.2<ref name=hob/> | Silicate can be extracted from malt by sparging at a high pH.30 It is associated with Ca2+ and Mg2+ and may cause haze in the beer and scaling of vessels and mains.2<ref name=hob/> | ||
in a water report, chlorine is typically labeled as "free chlorine" and total chlorine is "residual chlorine".<ref name=water/> | in a [[water report]], chlorine is typically labeled as "free chlorine" and total chlorine is "residual chlorine".<ref name=water/> | ||
Analysis should ideally also be carried out over at least a one-year period to determine seasonal fluctuations.<ref name=eumbam>Eumann M. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9781845690038500095 Chapter 9: Water in brewing.] In: Bamforth CW, ed. [[Library|''Brewing: New Technologies.'']] Woodhead Publishing; 2006:183–207.</ref> | |||
Important water analysis parameters:<ref name=eumbam/> | |||
Smell | |||
Taste | |||
Colour | |||
Turbidity | |||
Temperature | |||
Conductivity | |||
KMnO4 consumption | |||
Fe | |||
Mn | |||
As | |||
NH4 | |||
Residual alkalinity | |||
Na | |||
Ca | |||
Mg | |||
HCO3 | |||
Cl | |||
SO4 | |||
NO3 | |||
SiO2 | |||
NO2 | |||
THMs | |||
Definition of hardness units:<ref name=eumbam/> | |||
1ÎF = 10 mg CaCO 3 /l | |||
1ÎG = 10 mg CaO/l | |||
1 meq/l = 50 ppm as CaCO 3 | |||
For a water composition to be valid, the sums of anion and cation charges should be equal (with a small margin of error). The easiest way to evaluate this is by converting the concentrations to milliequivalents per liter.<ref name=water>Palmer J, Kaminski C. [[Library|''Water: A Comprehensive Guide for Brewers.'']] Brewers Publications; 2013.</ref> | For a water composition to be valid, the sums of anion and cation charges should be equal (with a small margin of error). The easiest way to evaluate this is by converting the concentrations to milliequivalents per liter.<ref name=water>Palmer J, Kaminski C. [[Library|''Water: A Comprehensive Guide for Brewers.'']] Brewers Publications; 2013.</ref> | ||
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Heavy metals, such as lead and tin, should also be low because they are toxic to humans and can have negative effects on fermentation and clarity.<ref name=hob>Taylor DG. Water. In: Stewart GG, Russell I, Anstruther A, eds. [[Library|''Handbook of Brewing.'']] 3rd ed. CRC Press; 2017.</ref> | Heavy metals, such as lead and tin, should also be low because they are toxic to humans and can have negative effects on fermentation and clarity.<ref name=hob>Taylor DG. Water. In: Stewart GG, Russell I, Anstruther A, eds. [[Library|''Handbook of Brewing.'']] 3rd ed. CRC Press; 2017.</ref> | ||
*https://www.knowyourh2o.com/indoor-6/chloride | |||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
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* [[Water sources]] | * [[Water sources]] | ||
* [[Water mineral adjustment]] | * [[Water mineral adjustment]] | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
[[Category:Quality assurance and testing]] | [[Category:Quality assurance and testing]] |