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Chloride: Difference between revisions
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Chloride ion should not be confused with [[Chlorine and chloramines|chlorine]] used for disinfection. | Chloride ion should not be confused with [[Chlorine and chloramines|chlorine]] used for disinfection. | ||
'''Beer chloride content:''' | '''Beer chloride content:''' Beer typically contains around 150 to 200 mg/L chloride ion, although it can range from 120 to 500 mg/L due to the high variability of the amount in water.<ref name=kunze>Kunze W. Hendel O, ed. [[Library|''Technology Brewing & Malting.'']] 6th ed. VLB Berlin; 2019.</ref><ref>Buiatti S. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780123738912000201 Chapter 20: Beer Composition: An Overview.] In: Preedy VR, ed. [[Library|''Beer in Health and Disease Prevention.'']] Academic Press; 2009:213–225.</ref> | ||
== Potential sources of chloride == | == Potential sources of chloride == | ||
The chloride content in beer comes from the raw ingredients, mainly the water and grist, plus any salts added by the brewer. | The chloride content in beer comes from the raw ingredients, mainly the water and grist, plus any salts added by the brewer. | ||
* '''Brewing water''' - Tap water typically contains chloride ions, ranging from around 15 to over 500 mg/L.<ref>Platikanov S, Hernández A, González S, Cortina JL, Tauler R, Devesa R. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0039914016307275 Predicting consumer preferences for mineral composition of bottled and tap water.] ''Talanta.'' 2017;162:1–9.</ref><ref name=lehigh>[https://ei.lehigh.edu/envirosci/watershed/wq/wqbackground/chloridebg.html Chloride and salinity.] Lehigh University website. Accessed online April 2024.</ref> While the chloride level in natural fresh water is usually low (around 10 to 25 mg/L), tap water sources have elevated amounts due to the chlorine disinfection treatment and contamination from human activity such as road de-icing.<ref name=burdie/><ref name=lehigh/><ref>Hong Y, Zhu Z, Liao W, Yan Z, Feng C, Xu D. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9956284/ Freshwater water-quality criteria for chloride and guidance for the revision of the water-quality standard in China.] ''Int J Environ Res Public Health.'' 2023;20(4):2875.</ref><ref>[https://www.cambridgema.gov/-/media/Files/waterdepartment/Distribution/ChloridesEnviroFactSheet.pdf Sodium and chloride in drinking water.] (Environmental Fact Sheet) New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services. Accessed online April 2024.</ref> Water from desalinated seawater sources will generally have high chloride levels.<ref name=burdie/> | * '''Brewing water''' - Tap water typically contains chloride ions, ranging from around 15 to over 500 mg/L.<ref>Platikanov S, Hernández A, González S, Cortina JL, Tauler R, Devesa R. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0039914016307275 Predicting consumer preferences for mineral composition of bottled and tap water.] ''Talanta.'' 2017;162:1–9.</ref><ref name=lehigh>[https://ei.lehigh.edu/envirosci/watershed/wq/wqbackground/chloridebg.html Chloride and salinity.] Lehigh University website. Accessed online April 2024.</ref> While the chloride level in natural fresh water is usually low (around 10 to 25 mg/L), tap water sources have elevated amounts due to the chlorine disinfection treatment and contamination from human activity such as road de-icing.<ref name=burdie/><ref name=lehigh/><ref>Hong Y, Zhu Z, Liao W, Yan Z, Feng C, Xu D. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9956284/ Freshwater water-quality criteria for chloride and guidance for the revision of the water-quality standard in China.] ''Int J Environ Res Public Health.'' 2023;20(4):2875.</ref><ref>[https://www.cambridgema.gov/-/media/Files/waterdepartment/Distribution/ChloridesEnviroFactSheet.pdf Sodium and chloride in drinking water.] (Environmental Fact Sheet) New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services. Accessed online April 2024.</ref> Water from desalinated seawater sources will generally have high chloride levels.<ref name=burdie/> | ||
* '''Grain''' - | * '''Grain''' - Around 125 mg/L is extracted into a standard (10°P) wort from the grist.<ref name=water/> | ||
* '''Salt additives''' - Several different brewing salts can be used to increase water chloride content, such as [[calcium chloride]] or [[sodium chloride]]. | * '''Salt additives''' - Several different brewing salts can be used to increase water chloride content, such as [[calcium chloride]] or [[sodium chloride]]. | ||