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Water: Difference between revisions
→Sources of brewing water
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* '''Reverse Osmosis (RO) purified water''' - RO water contains little-to-no minerals (including chlorine and other unwanted chemicals).<ref name=kunze/> Therefore it is an excellent choice for brewing water because it allows the brewer to have full control over the mineral profile, offering maximum flexibility.<ref name=hob/><ref name=bmp5>Eumann M, Schaeberle C. Water. In: Bamforth CW, ed. [[Library|''Brewing Materials and Processes: A Practical Approach to Beer Excellence.'']] Academic Press; 2016.</ref><ref name=mashing>Evans E. [[Library|''Mashing.'']] American Society of Brewing Chemists and Master Brewers Association of the Americas; 2021.</ref><ref name=lewsoft>Lewis A. [https://byo.com/mr-wizard/low-water-softeners-brewing/ The low down on water softeners for brewing.] Brew Your Own website. 2020. Accessed online 2024.</ref> RO water can either be purchased in reusable jugs, or produced on-site with a [[RO systems|RO purification system]]. This is great for any scale of brewery, from home brewing all the way up to macro level.<ref name=piper>Piper D, Jennings S, Zollo T. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZ6qwIStZO8 Pro-tips on lager decoction mashing, infusion mashing, yeast handling & sauergut (video).] YouTube. Published 2022. Accessed 2024.</ref> Whether you buy the water or produce it yourself, you should verify the purity with a [[TDS testing|TDS meter]] (e.g. RO systems in grocery stores are not always well-maintained). | * '''Reverse Osmosis (RO) purified water''' - RO water contains little-to-no minerals (including chlorine and other unwanted chemicals).<ref name=kunze/> Therefore it is an excellent choice for brewing water because it allows the brewer to have full control over the mineral profile, offering maximum flexibility.<ref name=hob/><ref name=bmp5>Eumann M, Schaeberle C. Water. In: Bamforth CW, ed. [[Library|''Brewing Materials and Processes: A Practical Approach to Beer Excellence.'']] Academic Press; 2016.</ref><ref name=mashing>Evans E. [[Library|''Mashing.'']] American Society of Brewing Chemists and Master Brewers Association of the Americas; 2021.</ref><ref name=lewsoft>Lewis A. [https://byo.com/mr-wizard/low-water-softeners-brewing/ The low down on water softeners for brewing.] Brew Your Own website. 2020. Accessed online 2024.</ref> RO water can either be purchased in reusable jugs, or produced on-site with a [[RO systems|RO purification system]]. This is great for any scale of brewery, from home brewing all the way up to macro level.<ref name=piper>Piper D, Jennings S, Zollo T. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZ6qwIStZO8 Pro-tips on lager decoction mashing, infusion mashing, yeast handling & sauergut (video).] YouTube. Published 2022. Accessed 2024.</ref> Whether you buy the water or produce it yourself, you should verify the purity with a [[TDS testing|TDS meter]] (e.g. RO systems in grocery stores are not always well-maintained). | ||
* '''Distilled or deionized (DI) water''' - Distilled and deionized water contain no minerals, and like RO water, they are very flexible options for brewing. However, unlike RO water, distilled water requires a lot of energy to produce, and typically cannot be readily produced on-site. Therefore it may not be an economical or practical option. Deionized water is basically RO water that has gone through an additional stage to remove any ions that got past the filter membrane; this is overkill for brewing since RO water generally contains a negligible amount of minerals without needing a DI stage. RO water is usually a better choice than DI or distilled water. | * '''Distilled or deionized (DI) water''' - Distilled and deionized water contain no minerals, and like RO water, they are very flexible options for brewing. However, unlike RO water, distilled water requires a lot of energy to produce, and typically cannot be readily produced on-site. Therefore it may not be an economical or practical option. Deionized water is basically RO water that has gone through an additional stage to remove any ions that got past the filter membrane; this is overkill for brewing since RO water generally contains a negligible amount of minerals without needing a DI stage. RO water is usually a better choice than DI or distilled water. | ||
* '''Tap water''' - Tap water contains dissolved minerals, commonly around 100 to 400 mg/L, although some tap water sources can be 1000 mg/L or more.<ref name=bhfaq>[https://www.buckeyehydro.com/faq/ FAQ.] Buckeye Hydro website. Accessed October 2020.</ref> Brewers need to know the level of each individual dissolved mineral in order to use the water for producing quality beer.<ref name=bmp5/> To obtain this information, usually a sample of the water needs to be sent to a lab for analysis (see [[Water report]]), although sometimes a municipal water supplier provides the necessary information (termed Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels). Unfortunately, the mineral content of tap water can fluctuate between day and night, from year to year, and between seasons (especially surface water, e.g. from rivers or lakes).<ref name=bsp>Briggs DE, Boulton CA, Brookes PA, Stevens R. [[Library|''Brewing Science and Practice.'']] Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC; 2004.</ref><ref name=water>Palmer J, Kaminski C. [[Library|''Water: A Comprehensive Guide for Brewers.'']] Brewers Publications; 2013.</ref><ref name=hob>Taylor DG. Water. In: Stewart GG, Russell I, Anstruther A, eds. [[Library|''Handbook of Brewing.'']] 3rd ed. CRC Press; 2017.</ref><ref name=bruwat/> If you live in an area where diverse sources of water are used to supply one supply zone, your water may vary greatly from one day to the next.<ref name=smart1/> [[TDS testing]] is very helpful for monitoring overall mineral levels. If there is a change in the water minerality, simple and inexpensive testing equipment for alkalinity and hardness and can be useful for adjusting your water treatment without needing another laboratory report.<ref name=smart1/> Tap water from a municipal water treatment facility also contains [[chlorine and chloramines|chlorine and/or chloramine]]s. These chlorine compounds must be removed from brewing liquor. If your home uses a "water softener", the water it produces is typically not suitable for brewing (brewers want [[calcium]], not a lot of [[sodium]]).<ref name=lewsoft/> | * '''Tap water''' - Tap water contains dissolved minerals, commonly around 100 to 400 mg/L, although some tap water sources can be 1000 mg/L or more.<ref name=bhfaq>[https://www.buckeyehydro.com/faq/ FAQ.] Buckeye Hydro website. Accessed October 2020.</ref> Brewers need to know the level of each individual dissolved mineral in order to use the water for producing quality beer.<ref name=bmp5/> To obtain this information, usually a sample of the water needs to be sent to a lab for analysis (see [[Water report]]), although sometimes a municipal water supplier provides the necessary information (termed Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels). Unfortunately, the mineral content of tap water can fluctuate between day and night, from year to year, and between seasons (especially surface water, e.g. from rivers or lakes).<ref name=bsp>Briggs DE, Boulton CA, Brookes PA, Stevens R. [[Library|''Brewing Science and Practice.'']] Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC; 2004.</ref><ref name=water>Palmer J, Kaminski C. [[Library|''Water: A Comprehensive Guide for Brewers.'']] Brewers Publications; 2013.</ref><ref name=hob>Taylor DG. Water. In: Stewart GG, Russell I, Anstruther A, eds. [[Library|''Handbook of Brewing.'']] 3rd ed. CRC Press; 2017.</ref><ref name=bruwat/><ref>Leslie DL, Lyons WB. [https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/8/1752 Variations in dissolved nitrate, chloride, and sulfate in precipitation, reservoir, and tap waters, Columbus, Ohio.] ''Int J Environ Res Public Health.'' 2018;15(8):1752.</ref> If you live in an area where diverse sources of water are used to supply one supply zone, your water may vary greatly from one day to the next.<ref name=smart1/> [[TDS testing]] is very helpful for monitoring overall mineral levels. If there is a change in the water minerality, simple and inexpensive testing equipment for alkalinity and hardness and can be useful for adjusting your water treatment without needing another laboratory report.<ref name=smart1/> Tap water from a municipal water treatment facility also contains [[chlorine and chloramines|chlorine and/or chloramine]]s. These chlorine compounds must be removed from brewing liquor. If your home uses a "water softener", the water it produces is typically not suitable for brewing (brewers want [[calcium]], not a lot of [[sodium]]).<ref name=lewsoft/> | ||
* '''Bottled spring water''' - This is basically the same as tap water. Companies extract water from multiple sites, each of which has different levels of minerals. All of the above information about tap water applies, i.e. spring water contains minerals, you will need at least one [[water report]], and [[TDS testing|test the TDS]] of every bottle to verify consistency. You'll need another water report if the TDS is substantially different, because that's a good sign the water came from somewhere else. There are also possible environmental and social concerns associated with the extraction of large volumes of ground water for bottling, and the excessive use of plastic.<ref>[https://www.riverkeeper.org/campaigns/tapwater/bottled-water/ Problems with bottled water.] Riverkeeper website. Accessed online March 2024.</ref> With all of these issues, bottled spring water is not a great option compared to RO water or tap water. | * '''Bottled spring water''' - This is basically the same as tap water. Companies extract water from multiple sites, each of which has different levels of minerals. All of the above information about tap water applies, i.e. spring water contains minerals, you will need at least one [[water report]], and [[TDS testing|test the TDS]] of every bottle to verify consistency. You'll need another water report if the TDS is substantially different, because that's a good sign the water came from somewhere else. There are also possible environmental and social concerns associated with the extraction of large volumes of ground water for bottling, and the excessive use of plastic.<ref>[https://www.riverkeeper.org/campaigns/tapwater/bottled-water/ Problems with bottled water.] Riverkeeper website. Accessed online March 2024.</ref> With all of these issues, bottled spring water is not a great option compared to RO water or tap water. | ||
* '''Rain water''' - Rain water (or any other untreated surface water) contains contaminants and therefore it is not considered safe to drink without appropriate treatment, which is beyond the scope of this article.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/private/rainwater-collection.html Rainwater collection.] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website. Reviewed March 16, 2021. Accessed online March 2024.</ref> It is also ill-advised to use yellow snow for brewing. | * '''Rain water''' - Rain water (or any other untreated surface water) contains contaminants and therefore it is not considered safe to drink without appropriate treatment, which is beyond the scope of this article.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/private/rainwater-collection.html Rainwater collection.] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website. Reviewed March 16, 2021. Accessed online March 2024.</ref> It is also ill-advised to use yellow snow for brewing. | ||
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| [[Potassium]] (K<sup>+</sup>) || 0 to 200 mg/L || Potassium is required for fermentation, but the malt provides more than enough to support the yeast. Potassium does not provide flavor unless the level is excessive. | | [[Potassium]] (K<sup>+</sup>) || 0 to 200 mg/L || Potassium is required for fermentation, but the malt provides more than enough to support the yeast. Potassium does not provide flavor unless the level is excessive. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Chloride]] (Cl<sup>−</sup>) || || | | [[Chloride]] (Cl<sup>−</sup>) || 0 to 250 mg/L || Chloride provides a roundness, fullness, and a sweet quality to the malt character. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Sulfate]] (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>) || || | | [[Sulfate]] (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>) || || | ||