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Reactions to LTP appear to be more common in the Mediterranean area [44], with clinical cross-reactivity being described between foods and pollens. However, although less common in birch-endemic areas, clinical reactivity to LTP is still important in some patients, for example, Flinterman et al. [45]. Clinically, there are thus similarities with the North European pollen/fruit syndrome, but this Southern Europe variant is clinically more severe, not prevented by cooking, and due to different protein cross-reactivities.<ref>Unsworth DJ, Lock RJ. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780128001417000061 Chapter 6: Food Allergy Testing.] In: Makowski GS, ed. ''Advances in Clinical Chemistry.'' Vol 65. Elsevier; 2014:173–198.</ref> | Reactions to LTP appear to be more common in the Mediterranean area [44], with clinical cross-reactivity being described between foods and pollens. However, although less common in birch-endemic areas, clinical reactivity to LTP is still important in some patients, for example, Flinterman et al. [45]. Clinically, there are thus similarities with the North European pollen/fruit syndrome, but this Southern Europe variant is clinically more severe, not prevented by cooking, and due to different protein cross-reactivities.<ref>Unsworth DJ, Lock RJ. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780128001417000061 Chapter 6: Food Allergy Testing.] In: Makowski GS, ed. ''Advances in Clinical Chemistry.'' Vol 65. Elsevier; 2014:173–198.</ref> | ||
Beer proteins posi-tively affect the plasma lipid level in rats decreasing the total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels57. The hypolipidemic effect of beer proteins might be one of the reasons why moderate consumption of beer is associ-ated with lower rates of cardiovascular diseases33.<ref name=stanislava>Stanislava G. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/j.2050-0416.2007.tb00291.x Barley grain non-specific lipid-transfer proteins (ns-LTPs) in beer production and quality]. ''J Inst Brew''. 2007;113(3):310–324.</ref> | |||
Beer has been implicated as the causative agent of urticaria and severe IgE-modified anaphylaxis. Despite the large worldwide beer consumption, allergic reactions to beer have been very rarely reported.<ref name=stanislava/> | |||
*Lordan [https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/8/5/171 Total, Neutral, and Polar Lipids of Brewing Ingredients, By-Products and Beer: Evaluation of Antithrombotic Activities] | *Lordan [https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/8/5/171 Total, Neutral, and Polar Lipids of Brewing Ingredients, By-Products and Beer: Evaluation of Antithrombotic Activities] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||