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despite the interesting beer antioxidant profiles described in the present paper and in the literature, it is important to highlight the importance of a moderate consumption of beer in the context of a healthy dietary pattern, such as the Mediterranean diet [23]. Excessive beer consumption can lead to an excessive body weight, hamper pancreatic function and increase the risk of cancer due to its ethanol content and also due to the low levels of toxic compounds [17].<ref name=borsol/> | despite the interesting beer antioxidant profiles described in the present paper and in the literature, it is important to highlight the importance of a moderate consumption of beer in the context of a healthy dietary pattern, such as the Mediterranean diet [23]. Excessive beer consumption can lead to an excessive body weight, hamper pancreatic function and increase the risk of cancer due to its ethanol content and also due to the low levels of toxic compounds [17].<ref name=borsol/> | ||
Flavonoids are commonly referred to as antioxidants because of their redox properties, which allow them to act as reducing agents, hydrogen donators and singlet oxygen quenchers. Therefore they may prevent diseases associated to cell oxidative stress, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases and other age-related diseases (for a comprehensive overview on polyphenols and health, see Vassallo, 2008).<ref name=fumgal>Fumi MD, Galli R, Lambri M, Donadini G, De Faveri DM. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0889157511000238 Effect of full-scale brewing process on polyphenols in Italian all-malt and maize adjunct lager beers.] ''J Food Compos Anal.'' 2011;24(4–5):568–573.</ref> | Flavonoids are commonly referred to as antioxidants because of their redox properties, which allow them to act as reducing agents, hydrogen donators and singlet oxygen quenchers. Therefore they may prevent diseases associated to cell oxidative stress, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases and other age-related diseases (for a comprehensive overview on polyphenols and health, see Vassallo, 2008).<ref name=fumgal>Fumi MD, Galli R, Lambri M, Donadini G, De Faveri DM. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0889157511000238 Effect of full-scale brewing process on polyphenols in Italian all-malt and maize adjunct lager beers.] ''J Food Compos Anal.'' 2011;24(4–5):568–573.</ref> Tannin molecules have been reported to have anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic and antioxidant activities. They were also reported to inhibit the growth of fungi, bacteria, and viruses (Chung et al., 1998; Khanbabaee and Van Ree, 2001). However, the ingestion of large quantities of tannins results in adverse health effects as they precipitate proteins, inhibit digestive enzymes and affect the utilization of vitamins and minerals (Szajdek and Borowska, 2008). | ||
In moderate beer drinkers, studies showed a 20–25% reduction in fatality rate from coronary diseases and a reduction by 50% of death factor risk (Bamforth, 2002; Walzl, 2005). These beneficial effects of beer on human health is mainly related to phenolic compounds, particularly to their antioxidant activity and their bioavailability (for a comprehensive overview see Preedy, 2009). Fantozzi et al. (1998) outlined that beer contains a quantity of phenols that supply molecules which play a role in antioxidant activity in vivo. Ghiselli et al. (2000) pointed out that polyphenols in beer induced a significant increase in plasma antioxidant capacity, that the phenolic acids in plasma increase after beer intake, and that the alcohol level plays an important indirect role in the absorption of phenols. Bourne et al. (2000) observed that ferulic acid (belong to nonflavonoid group) in beer is readily assimilated by the body. Gorinstein et al. (2007) found that the antioxidant potential of beer was well correlated to flavanols and flavonoids but slightly lower referred to total polyphenols, and that beer polyphenols improve lipid metabolism and increase antioxidant and anticoagulant activities.<ref name=fumgal/> | |||
*[https://www.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2017/4749131/ Beer Polyphenols and Menopause: Effects and Mechanisms—A Review of Current Knowledge] | *[https://www.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2017/4749131/ Beer Polyphenols and Menopause: Effects and Mechanisms—A Review of Current Knowledge] | ||