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Health and safety: Difference between revisions
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light and moderate drinking has been associated with lower mortality rates compared to heavy drinking and abstaining (Denke, 2000; Yen et al., 2012). Especially red wine consumption has been associated with a lower risk of mortality (Klatsky, Friedman, Armstrong, & Kipp, 2003), even though confounding factors such as diet, exercise and social class have been found to be favorable in wine drinkers (Klatsky et al., 2003; Wannamathee & Shaper, 1999). However, the role of alcohol as a toxin, which has deleterious effects on human health, should not be underestimated (Fernandez-Sola, 2015; Gerhauser, 2005).<ref name=wangas>Wannenmacher J, Gastl M, Becker T. [https://ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1541-4337.12352 Phenolic substances in beer: Structural diversity, reactive potential and relevance for brewing process and beer quality.] ''Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf.'' 2018;17(4):953–988.</ref> | |||
[[Lipid transfer protein|LTP]] and [[protein Z]] have been identified as the main beer allergens.<ref>Gorjanović S, Sužnjević D, Beljanski M, et al. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/j.2050-0416.2004.tb00624.x Effects of lipid-transfer protein from malting barley grain on brewers yeast fermentation.] ''J Inst Brew.'' 2004;110(4):297–302.</ref> | [[Lipid transfer protein|LTP]] and [[protein Z]] have been identified as the main beer allergens.<ref>Gorjanović S, Sužnjević D, Beljanski M, et al. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/j.2050-0416.2004.tb00624.x Effects of lipid-transfer protein from malting barley grain on brewers yeast fermentation.] ''J Inst Brew.'' 2004;110(4):297–302.</ref> | ||
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Reactions to LTP appear to be more common in the Mediterranean area [44], with clinical cross-reactivity being described between foods and pollens. However, although less common in birch-endemic areas, clinical reactivity to LTP is still important in some patients, for example, Flinterman et al. [45]. Clinically, there are thus similarities with the North European pollen/fruit syndrome, but this Southern Europe variant is clinically more severe, not prevented by cooking, and due to different protein cross-reactivities.<ref>Unsworth DJ, Lock RJ. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780128001417000061 Chapter 6: Food Allergy Testing.] In: Makowski GS, ed. ''Advances in Clinical Chemistry.'' Vol 65. Elsevier; 2014:173–198.</ref> | Reactions to LTP appear to be more common in the Mediterranean area [44], with clinical cross-reactivity being described between foods and pollens. However, although less common in birch-endemic areas, clinical reactivity to LTP is still important in some patients, for example, Flinterman et al. [45]. Clinically, there are thus similarities with the North European pollen/fruit syndrome, but this Southern Europe variant is clinically more severe, not prevented by cooking, and due to different protein cross-reactivities.<ref>Unsworth DJ, Lock RJ. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780128001417000061 Chapter 6: Food Allergy Testing.] In: Makowski GS, ed. ''Advances in Clinical Chemistry.'' Vol 65. Elsevier; 2014:173–198.</ref> | ||
Beer proteins | Beer proteins positively affect the plasma lipid level in rats decreasing the total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels57. The hypolipidemic effect of beer proteins might be one of the reasons why moderate consumption of beer is associated with lower rates of cardiovascular diseases33.<ref name=stanislava>Stanislava G. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/j.2050-0416.2007.tb00291.x Barley grain non-specific lipid-transfer proteins (ns-LTPs) in beer production and quality]. ''J Inst Brew''. 2007;113(3):310–324.</ref> | ||
Beer has been implicated as the causative agent of urticaria and severe IgE-modified anaphylaxis. Despite the large worldwide beer consumption, allergic reactions to beer have been very rarely reported.<ref name=stanislava/> | Beer has been implicated as the causative agent of urticaria and severe IgE-modified anaphylaxis. Despite the large worldwide beer consumption, allergic reactions to beer have been very rarely reported.<ref name=stanislava/> | ||