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Moderate beer consumption has been shown to have beneficial effects on human health, many of which are based on the redox properties of the antioxidant compounds present in beer [5,16,17]. It is known that antioxidants present in beer help to improve certain diseases, for example, moderate beer consumption is associated with an increase in bone density, cardiovascular [18] and immunological benefits and is also associated with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties [19]. Moderate beer intake may also exert higher protection against coronary heart disease than spirits; it has been reported that systolic blood pressure, homocysteine, and several biomarkers of inflammation decreased only after the non-alcoholic beer intervention, and these effects are likely to be attributed to the non-alcoholic fraction of the beer, mainly polyphenols [20].<ref name=marcab>Martinez-Gomez A, Caballero I, Blanco CA. [https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/10/3/400 Phenols and melanoidins as natural antioxidants in beer. Structure, reactivity and antioxidant activity.] ''Biomolecules.'' 2020;10(3):400.</ref> | Moderate beer consumption has been shown to have beneficial effects on human health, many of which are based on the redox properties of the antioxidant compounds present in beer [5,16,17]. It is known that antioxidants present in beer help to improve certain diseases, for example, moderate beer consumption is associated with an increase in bone density, cardiovascular [18] and immunological benefits and is also associated with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties [19]. Moderate beer intake may also exert higher protection against coronary heart disease than spirits; it has been reported that systolic blood pressure, homocysteine, and several biomarkers of inflammation decreased only after the non-alcoholic beer intervention, and these effects are likely to be attributed to the non-alcoholic fraction of the beer, mainly polyphenols [20].<ref name=marcab>Martinez-Gomez A, Caballero I, Blanco CA. [https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/10/3/400 Phenols and melanoidins as natural antioxidants in beer. Structure, reactivity and antioxidant activity.] ''Biomolecules.'' 2020;10(3):400.</ref> | ||
Small-scale commercial beers tend to have higher levels of phenolic compounds than and large scale (macro) beers.<ref name=cargui>Carvalho DO, Guido LF. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308814621020999 A review on the fate of phenolic compounds during malting and brewing: technological strategies and beer styles.] ''Food Chem.'' 2022;372:131093.</ref> This is partly because [[pasteurization]] and [[filtration]] are not employed in small-scale beers. Also, macro beers are usually produced using cereal [[adjuncts]] like [[maize]], which generally contribute lower levels of phenolics. Lastly, the amount and variety of hops often used for small scale "craft" beers tend to provide higher phenolic content.<ref name=sibpla>Šibalić D, Planinić M, Jurić A, Bucić-Kojić A, Tišma M. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11696-020-01276-1 Analysis of phenolic compounds in beer: from raw materials to the final product.] ''Chem Zvesti.'' 2021;75(1):67–76.</ref> Presumably all these factors apply to home brew beer as well, although phenolic levels still vary depending on ingredients and brewing process. | |||
Alcohol intake in the form of liquor can lead to an increase in serum homocysteine, a heart-related disease that promotes the production of oxygen free radicals and hydrogen peroxide, which can cause vascular endothelial cell damage, platelet adhesion and aggregation and promote low-density lipoprotein oxidation, leading to atherosclerosis and embolism.<ref name=yangao/> In contrast, moderate consumption of beer has not been found to increase serum homocyste ine, probably because beer contains vitamin B6, which can promote the catabolism of homocysteine. | Alcohol intake in the form of liquor can lead to an increase in serum homocysteine, a heart-related disease that promotes the production of oxygen free radicals and hydrogen peroxide, which can cause vascular endothelial cell damage, platelet adhesion and aggregation and promote low-density lipoprotein oxidation, leading to atherosclerosis and embolism.<ref name=yangao/> In contrast, moderate consumption of beer has not been found to increase serum homocyste ine, probably because beer contains vitamin B6, which can promote the catabolism of homocysteine. |